The importance of corrosion resistance test of cannulas in the quality control of hypodermic needles

According to Anvisa risk rating, hypodermic needles offer medium risk to the user's health. This study discussed the importance of the corrosion resistance test in tubes of hypodermic needles, in the product quality control. A review of cannulas of hypodermic needles was carried out according to ISO 9626:2003 and 9259:1997 ABNT NBR. For the results evaluation, a scale which classifies the extent of corrosion was adjusted. 174 samples of PNI needles from 17 States and 9 different record holders were analyzed. According to the methodology of ISO 9626:2003, 100% of the samples were considered satisfactory. However, in accordance with the methodology of ISO 9259:1997, 97.1% of the samples were rejected. Irregularities can lead to impairment of product quality, resulting in risks to the consumer's health. Since 2011 the product has undergone certification, so it is necessary to reflect on the importance of corrosion resistance testing and mandatory certification for health monitoring.

Implications of international law for the treatment of cancer: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the TRIPS Agreement.

The development, manufacture, trade and distribution of medicines all take place within a web of international legal obligations that states have accepted under a range of multilateral, plurilateral and bilateral agreements. International law can operate either to facilitate or hinder access, depending on how it is developed and implemented. This article examines two areas of international law that are relevant to cancer treatment: the international drug control system, which regulates opioid analgesics; and the World Trade Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreement. This article outlines recent developments in relation to both, including in the activities of the Vienna-based agencies that collectively oversee the implementation of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and in the negotiation of the recent United Nations General Assembly Political Declaration on Non-communicable Diseases. While underlining the importance of law, this article notes that battles over law should not distract from the importance of other essential efforts to enhance access to medicines within the context of the strengthening of health systems.

Código de la Niñez y la adolescencia Ley No. 287 / Code of the Childhood and the adolescence Law No. 287

El Proyecto de Fortalecimiento de la participación ciudadana activa con enfoque de equidad de género y generación en el Municipio de Managua, Distrito VI, se ha propuesto potenciar las organizaciones comunitarias para que cuenten con un mayor reconocimiento y capacidad que incidencia en la gestión municipal. Por ello pone a disposición este pequeño compendio de leyes que son un intrumento de trabajo para las más de 400 personas capacitadas e involucradas en el desarrollo de este proyecto, quienes hoy cuentan con las herramientas básicas para ejercer su ciudadanía y gestionar la creación y consolidadación de espacios de participación ágiles, eficientes y efectivos, en defensa de sus derechos. Se entrega esta publicación que comprende: Constitución Política de la República, la Ley de Participación Ciudadana y su Reglamento, la Ley de Municipios y su Reglamento, el Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia, y la Ley de Promoción del Desarrollo Ingtegral a la Juventud y su Reglamento

Youth access interventions do not affect youth smoking.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of laws restricting youth access to cigarettes on prevalence of smoking among teens. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies that reported changes in smoking associated with the presence of restrictions on the ability of teens to purchase cigarettes. We calculated the correlation between merchant compliance levels with youth access laws and prevalence (30-day and regular) prevalence of youth smoking, and between changes in compliance and prevalence associated with youth access interventions. We also conducted a random effects meta-analysis to determine the change in youth prevalence associated with youth access interventions from studies that included control communities. RESULTS: Based on data from 9 studies, there was no detectable relationship between the level of merchant compliance and 30-day (r =.116; n = 38 communities) or regular (r =.017) smoking prevalence. There was no evidence of a threshold effect. There was no evidence that an increase in compliance with youth access restrictions was associated with a decrease in 30-day (r =.294; n = 18 communities) or regular (r =.274) smoking prevalence. There was no significant difference in youth smoking in communities with youth access interventions compared with control communities; the pooled estimate of the effect of intervention on 30-day prevalence was -1.5% (95% confidence interval: -6.0% to +2.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Given the limited resources available for tobacco control, as well as the expense of conducting youth access programs, tobacco control advocates should abandon this strategy and devote the limited resources that are available for tobacco control toward other interventions with proven effectiveness.